{Records|Paperwork|Remarks}:
I. Overview:
- Animal {habit|tendencies|patterns} - an action {transported|taken} out by muscles or glands under control of the nervous system {in answer|reacting} to a stimulus. {These types of|These kinds of} behaviors are determined by the physiological systems and {skills|talents} of the {patient|affected person|affected individual}.
- Animal behavior is essential part of acquiring nutrition, finding a partner, keeping up homeostasis, raising young, etc.
- Because behavior is essential for reproduction, it also influences and {affected|inspired|motivated} by natural selection. {Pet|Canine|Pet animal} behavior is restricted to the given set of genes that animals have but various mutations and within behavior can make the population more or less fit to {endure|make it through} in a given environment.
II. Basics of {Pet|Canine|Pet animal} Behavior (Handout p. 208-209 and 216-217) -- {Pet|Canine|Pet animal} behaviors can be {credited|ascribed|linked} to two components:
- Innate behavior -- behavior {decided|identified|established} by the "hard-wiring" of the nervous system. {It really is|It truly is|It can be} genetically predetermined, usually {rigid|unbending|adamant}, a given stimulus {causing|activating|initiating} {the|specific} response. These {actions|behaviours|manners} frequently follow {a traditional|a time-honored|a common}, rigid pathway called a fixed-action pattern (FAP) where a releaser (some {kind of|form of|sort of} stimulus) triggers an {procedure} of the innate {liberating|launching|publishing} mechanism in the {anxious|stressed|worried} system. This trigger {leads to|brings about|ends in} the same set of actions {whenever|each and every time} the response is initiated. (Ex. Matching dances of birds {brought on|induced|activated} by the {occurrence} of a female; the {as fast as possible|as soon as possible} rolling behavior of many waterfowl species; kelp gull chicks peck {on the|over a} red spot on mother's beak to initiate regurgitation of food etc. )
o Examples of innate behaviors:
? Reflexes - knee-jerk reflex, {drawback|disengagement|revulsion} reflex
? Taxis - {motion|movements|activity} in response to the direction of the {stimulation|incitement|government} toward (positive) or away (negative) from the {stimulation|incitement|government}
? Kinesis - Random {motion|movements|activity} of the animal in no particular direction (Ex. Pill bugs move more when the humidity is low)
? Instincts (stereotyped behavior) - more complex {actions|behaviours|manners} than reflexes that {do it again|duplicate|do} {similar to the way|not much different from the way} {whenever|each and every time} (Ex. {Trembling|Banging|Moving} water from wet {hair|coat|pelt}, newly hatched sea frogs move toward the ocean)
- Learned behaviors - {Outcomes|Effects|Benefits} from {activities|experience} of the animal. Learned behaviors can modify innate behaviors. Learning behavior also {may well not|might not exactly} {the actual|stick to the} exact same pattern every time.
o Examples of discovered behaviors:
? Classical conditioning - animals associate one {stimulation|incitement|government} with another (Ex. dog salivate when gets food, can be taught to salivate when hears a bell - Pavlov)
? Naturalization - respond to the stimulus decreases {launched|if it is|in the next} repeated with no apparent {impact|result} (Ex. Drug habituation in humans; harbor seals get accustomed to hearing local killer whale calls and do not respond to it)
? Imprinting behavior - {throughout a|within a} critical period, an animal can adopt a behavior by latching on to the stimulus (Ex. Mallard chicks follow the first organism who they see right after hatching - Lorenz)
? Operant {fitness|health and fitness|health} - or trial and error learning - {pet is|creature is|dog is} rewarded or {penalized|reprimanded} after chance behavior.
3. Timing of Animal {Habit|Tendencies|Patterns} (Review pp. 201-205)
- Environmental cues, such as day length, height of tides, temperature changes, moon {stages are being used|levels are being used} by plants and animals to establish or maintain patterns of activities. Many life activities run in cycles, such as mating, birth, storage of food, migration, building body fat, sleeping patterns, this.
- Biological rhythms can be direct response to environmental stimuli (exogenous) or can happen without environmental {tips|signs} (endogenous). These endogenous components of biological rhythms are often called biological lighting. Endogenous rhythms continue even in the {lack of|a shortage of} environmental cues.
- To {stay in|continue in} synchrony with the environment, {natural|neurological|organic} clocks need to {reset to zero|recast} at regular time {time periods|periods|times} by external timekeepers. {They are|These are generally} environmental cues that {reset to zero|recast} the clock.
- In humans the interior clock is made up of a set of cells in the midline of the brain (suprachiasmatic nucleus - SCN). Light from the eyes stimulate the {lack of|nerve system} pathways that {hook up} with this biological clock {assisting|supporting|aiding} to reset it. The SCN is {linked} to the pineal gland {within our|inside our} brain. This gland produces melanine - {a body hormone|a junk} that induces sleep, usually produced in the {deep|darkness|sunset}. Melanine helps to realign our biological clocks.
I. Overview:
- Animal {habit|tendencies|patterns} - an action {transported|taken} out by muscles or glands under control of the nervous system {in answer|reacting} to a stimulus. {These types of|These kinds of} behaviors are determined by the physiological systems and {skills|talents} of the {patient|affected person|affected individual}.
- Animal behavior is essential part of acquiring nutrition, finding a partner, keeping up homeostasis, raising young, etc.
- Because behavior is essential for reproduction, it also influences and {affected|inspired|motivated} by natural selection. {Pet|Canine|Pet animal} behavior is restricted to the given set of genes that animals have but various mutations and within behavior can make the population more or less fit to {endure|make it through} in a given environment.
II. Basics of {Pet|Canine|Pet animal} Behavior (Handout p. 208-209 and 216-217) -- {Pet|Canine|Pet animal} behaviors can be {credited|ascribed|linked} to two components:
- Innate behavior -- behavior {decided|identified|established} by the "hard-wiring" of the nervous system. {It really is|It truly is|It can be} genetically predetermined, usually {rigid|unbending|adamant}, a given stimulus {causing|activating|initiating} {the|specific} response. These {actions|behaviours|manners} frequently follow {a traditional|a time-honored|a common}, rigid pathway called a fixed-action pattern (FAP) where a releaser (some {kind of|form of|sort of} stimulus) triggers an {procedure} of the innate {liberating|launching|publishing} mechanism in the {anxious|stressed|worried} system. This trigger {leads to|brings about|ends in} the same set of actions {whenever|each and every time} the response is initiated. (Ex. Matching dances of birds {brought on|induced|activated} by the {occurrence} of a female; the {as fast as possible|as soon as possible} rolling behavior of many waterfowl species; kelp gull chicks peck {on the|over a} red spot on mother's beak to initiate regurgitation of food etc. )
o Examples of innate behaviors:
? Reflexes - knee-jerk reflex, {drawback|disengagement|revulsion} reflex
? Taxis - {motion|movements|activity} in response to the direction of the {stimulation|incitement|government} toward (positive) or away (negative) from the {stimulation|incitement|government}
? Kinesis - Random {motion|movements|activity} of the animal in no particular direction (Ex. Pill bugs move more when the humidity is low)
? Instincts (stereotyped behavior) - more complex {actions|behaviours|manners} than reflexes that {do it again|duplicate|do} {similar to the way|not much different from the way} {whenever|each and every time} (Ex. {Trembling|Banging|Moving} water from wet {hair|coat|pelt}, newly hatched sea frogs move toward the ocean)
- Learned behaviors - {Outcomes|Effects|Benefits} from {activities|experience} of the animal. Learned behaviors can modify innate behaviors. Learning behavior also {may well not|might not exactly} {the actual|stick to the} exact same pattern every time.
o Examples of discovered behaviors:
? Classical conditioning - animals associate one {stimulation|incitement|government} with another (Ex. dog salivate when gets food, can be taught to salivate when hears a bell - Pavlov)
? Naturalization - respond to the stimulus decreases {launched|if it is|in the next} repeated with no apparent {impact|result} (Ex. Drug habituation in humans; harbor seals get accustomed to hearing local killer whale calls and do not respond to it)
? Imprinting behavior - {throughout a|within a} critical period, an animal can adopt a behavior by latching on to the stimulus (Ex. Mallard chicks follow the first organism who they see right after hatching - Lorenz)
? Operant {fitness|health and fitness|health} - or trial and error learning - {pet is|creature is|dog is} rewarded or {penalized|reprimanded} after chance behavior.
3. Timing of Animal {Habit|Tendencies|Patterns} (Review pp. 201-205)
- Environmental cues, such as day length, height of tides, temperature changes, moon {stages are being used|levels are being used} by plants and animals to establish or maintain patterns of activities. Many life activities run in cycles, such as mating, birth, storage of food, migration, building body fat, sleeping patterns, this.
- Biological rhythms can be direct response to environmental stimuli (exogenous) or can happen without environmental {tips|signs} (endogenous). These endogenous components of biological rhythms are often called biological lighting. Endogenous rhythms continue even in the {lack of|a shortage of} environmental cues.
- To {stay in|continue in} synchrony with the environment, {natural|neurological|organic} clocks need to {reset to zero|recast} at regular time {time periods|periods|times} by external timekeepers. {They are|These are generally} environmental cues that {reset to zero|recast} the clock.
- In humans the interior clock is made up of a set of cells in the midline of the brain (suprachiasmatic nucleus - SCN). Light from the eyes stimulate the {lack of|nerve system} pathways that {hook up} with this biological clock {assisting|supporting|aiding} to reset it. The SCN is {linked} to the pineal gland {within our|inside our} brain. This gland produces melanine - {a body hormone|a junk} that induces sleep, usually produced in the {deep|darkness|sunset}. Melanine helps to realign our biological clocks.
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