{HAVE TO SEE|WOULD NEED TO KNOW}:
- The difference between {a significant|an elementary} niche and {a recognized|a noticed|an understood} niche
- The role of competitive exclusion in interspecific competition.
- The symbiotic {associations|human relationships|interactions} of parasitism, mutualism, and commensalisms with examples.
- The impact of keystone {varieties|types|kinds} on community structure.
- The difference between primary and secondary succession.
I. {SUMMARY OF|INTRODUCTION TO|REVIEW OF} THE CHAPTER:
- Community - an assemblage of {foule|masse|multitude} of various species living close enough for potential interaction.
- Ecologists define the boundaries of a particular community {to match|to slip|to adjust to} their research question.
II. COMMUNITY {RELATIONSHIPS|CONNECTIONS|COMMUNICATIONS}:
- The {final amount|aggregate, final amount} of a species' use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its environment {is known as|is named|is referred to as} the species' ecological {market|specialized niche|specific niche market}. As a result of competition, a species' {important|primary|critical} niche, which is the niche potentially occupied by that species, may be different from its {recognized|noticed|understood} niche that is the niche the species actually occupies.
- Ecologists {make reference to|label|consider} these relationships as interspecific {relationships|connections|communications}. There are several types {of those|of such|of the} interactions:
o Interspecific competition - occurs when {varieties|types|kinds} compete for a particular resource that {is within|is at|is} brief supply (ex. Garden {vegetation|plant life|crops} and weeds for {ground|dirt|garden soil} and water). The results of this competition are detrimental for both {varieties|types|kinds} (-/-). Strong competition {can result in|can cause} the local elimination of one of the two competing species - competitive exclusion principle. Even {minor|small|moderate} advantage in using resources more {successfully|proficiently} can {bring about|cause} a reproductive benefits for one species and drive the other to {annihilation|termination|defunctness}. At times two {varieties|types|kinds} that compete for resources will evolve differently from {the other person} so they do not compete for the similar resources any more and they can coexist in the same community - resource partitioning.
o Feeding relationships (Predation and herbivory) - +/- interaction between species in which one species, the predator, {eliminates|gets rid of} and eats the other, the prey. Both {potential predators|possible predators} and prey developed important adaptations through natural selection for survival (Know examples). Herbivores and plants {also provide|likewise have|have} adaptations to avoid being eaten or benefit from it and also to be more successful {grow|herb|flower} eaters. (Also need to know examples) Interesting morphological and physiological adaptations also developed to be more successful in the nourishing relationships:
? Cryptic coloration (camouflage) - Ex. Canyon {woods|shrub|forest} frog
? Mechanical and {chemical substance|substance} defenses - Ex. Skunks, porcupines
? Aposematic coloration (warning coloration) - Ex. {Toxin|Killer} arrow frog
? Batesian mimicry - harmless (palatable) {varieties|types|kinds} mimics a harmful one - Ex. Hawkmoth chrysalis mimics green parrot {fish|leather}
? Mullerian mimicry - 2 or more unpalatable (poisonous) species resemble {the other person} - Ex. Various wasp {varieties|types|kinds} - This is a good example of concourant evolution
o Symbiotic relationships:
? Parasitism - (+/-). Parasite benefits, host is being {damaged|injured|hurt}. {Could be|May be} endoparasites (organisms that live {inside an|within the|during an} other organism) or exoparasites (organisms that live on the {outside|external|outdoor} surface of the host). Parasitoidism - organisms {place|lay down|put} eggs within or {on the|over a} living host. You must know examples. Parasites can seriously limit growth in the host population.
? Contagious diseases (+/-). Pathogens or disease {creating|triggering} agents are typically small microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, prions, protists, fungi). You must know one example {of every|of each and every}. Pathogens can also seriously limit {populace|human population|inhabitants} growth in the {contaminated|afflicted|attacked} populations.
? Mutualism (+/+) - Ex. Ants and {robinier|cassier} trees, N-fixing Rhisobium bacterias and legumes.
? Commensalism (+/0) - Any close {romantic relationship|marriage|romance} would influence both {microorganisms|creatures} in most cases, {therefore it is|so it will be|it is therefore} hard to find {good examples|illustrations|cases} of this relationship. {Ex lover|Former mate|Ex girlfriend or boyfriend}. Egrets and water {zoysia grass|zoysia}, whales and barnacles.
- Coevolution - reciprocal evolutionary {modifications|different types|changes} of two interacting {varieties|types|kinds}. This {must be|should be} {a hereditary|an innate|an anatomical} change in one of the parties to follow another change in the other organism.
III. COMMUNITY STRUCTURE:
- Two fundamental features of community structure:
o Species diversity - variety of different {sorts|varieties} of {microorganisms|creatures} that make up the community. It is {made up|constructed|consisting} of species richness - total number {of various|of numerous} {varieties|types|kinds} and relative abundance - the proportion {of every|of each and every} {varieties|types|kinds} to the total amount of people. Various {sample|testing|trying} techniques {are being used} to determine species diversity.
o Trophic structure or feeding relationships. {Meals|Foodstuff} chains describe the copy of materials and energy from one organism to another. The typical order:
? Primary producers (mostly photosynthetic plants or algae)
? {Main|Major|Principal} consumers (mostly herbivores)
? {Supplementary|Extra|Second} consumers (carnivores)
? Tertiary consumers (carnivores)
? Quaternary consumers (carnivores)
? At any level decomposers
- The difference between {a significant|an elementary} niche and {a recognized|a noticed|an understood} niche
- The role of competitive exclusion in interspecific competition.
- The symbiotic {associations|human relationships|interactions} of parasitism, mutualism, and commensalisms with examples.
- The impact of keystone {varieties|types|kinds} on community structure.
- The difference between primary and secondary succession.
I. {SUMMARY OF|INTRODUCTION TO|REVIEW OF} THE CHAPTER:
- Community - an assemblage of {foule|masse|multitude} of various species living close enough for potential interaction.
- Ecologists define the boundaries of a particular community {to match|to slip|to adjust to} their research question.
II. COMMUNITY {RELATIONSHIPS|CONNECTIONS|COMMUNICATIONS}:
- The {final amount|aggregate, final amount} of a species' use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its environment {is known as|is named|is referred to as} the species' ecological {market|specialized niche|specific niche market}. As a result of competition, a species' {important|primary|critical} niche, which is the niche potentially occupied by that species, may be different from its {recognized|noticed|understood} niche that is the niche the species actually occupies.
- Ecologists {make reference to|label|consider} these relationships as interspecific {relationships|connections|communications}. There are several types {of those|of such|of the} interactions:
o Interspecific competition - occurs when {varieties|types|kinds} compete for a particular resource that {is within|is at|is} brief supply (ex. Garden {vegetation|plant life|crops} and weeds for {ground|dirt|garden soil} and water). The results of this competition are detrimental for both {varieties|types|kinds} (-/-). Strong competition {can result in|can cause} the local elimination of one of the two competing species - competitive exclusion principle. Even {minor|small|moderate} advantage in using resources more {successfully|proficiently} can {bring about|cause} a reproductive benefits for one species and drive the other to {annihilation|termination|defunctness}. At times two {varieties|types|kinds} that compete for resources will evolve differently from {the other person} so they do not compete for the similar resources any more and they can coexist in the same community - resource partitioning.
o Feeding relationships (Predation and herbivory) - +/- interaction between species in which one species, the predator, {eliminates|gets rid of} and eats the other, the prey. Both {potential predators|possible predators} and prey developed important adaptations through natural selection for survival (Know examples). Herbivores and plants {also provide|likewise have|have} adaptations to avoid being eaten or benefit from it and also to be more successful {grow|herb|flower} eaters. (Also need to know examples) Interesting morphological and physiological adaptations also developed to be more successful in the nourishing relationships:
? Cryptic coloration (camouflage) - Ex. Canyon {woods|shrub|forest} frog
? Mechanical and {chemical substance|substance} defenses - Ex. Skunks, porcupines
? Aposematic coloration (warning coloration) - Ex. {Toxin|Killer} arrow frog
? Batesian mimicry - harmless (palatable) {varieties|types|kinds} mimics a harmful one - Ex. Hawkmoth chrysalis mimics green parrot {fish|leather}
? Mullerian mimicry - 2 or more unpalatable (poisonous) species resemble {the other person} - Ex. Various wasp {varieties|types|kinds} - This is a good example of concourant evolution
o Symbiotic relationships:
? Parasitism - (+/-). Parasite benefits, host is being {damaged|injured|hurt}. {Could be|May be} endoparasites (organisms that live {inside an|within the|during an} other organism) or exoparasites (organisms that live on the {outside|external|outdoor} surface of the host). Parasitoidism - organisms {place|lay down|put} eggs within or {on the|over a} living host. You must know examples. Parasites can seriously limit growth in the host population.
? Contagious diseases (+/-). Pathogens or disease {creating|triggering} agents are typically small microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, prions, protists, fungi). You must know one example {of every|of each and every}. Pathogens can also seriously limit {populace|human population|inhabitants} growth in the {contaminated|afflicted|attacked} populations.
? Mutualism (+/+) - Ex. Ants and {robinier|cassier} trees, N-fixing Rhisobium bacterias and legumes.
? Commensalism (+/0) - Any close {romantic relationship|marriage|romance} would influence both {microorganisms|creatures} in most cases, {therefore it is|so it will be|it is therefore} hard to find {good examples|illustrations|cases} of this relationship. {Ex lover|Former mate|Ex girlfriend or boyfriend}. Egrets and water {zoysia grass|zoysia}, whales and barnacles.
- Coevolution - reciprocal evolutionary {modifications|different types|changes} of two interacting {varieties|types|kinds}. This {must be|should be} {a hereditary|an innate|an anatomical} change in one of the parties to follow another change in the other organism.
III. COMMUNITY STRUCTURE:
- Two fundamental features of community structure:
o Species diversity - variety of different {sorts|varieties} of {microorganisms|creatures} that make up the community. It is {made up|constructed|consisting} of species richness - total number {of various|of numerous} {varieties|types|kinds} and relative abundance - the proportion {of every|of each and every} {varieties|types|kinds} to the total amount of people. Various {sample|testing|trying} techniques {are being used} to determine species diversity.
o Trophic structure or feeding relationships. {Meals|Foodstuff} chains describe the copy of materials and energy from one organism to another. The typical order:
? Primary producers (mostly photosynthetic plants or algae)
? {Main|Major|Principal} consumers (mostly herbivores)
? {Supplementary|Extra|Second} consumers (carnivores)
? Tertiary consumers (carnivores)
? Quaternary consumers (carnivores)
? At any level decomposers
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