{HAVE TO SEE|WOULD NEED TO KNOW}:
- How density, demographics and dispersion can describe a population.
- The {distinctions|dissimilarities} between exponential and logistic types of population growth.
- How density-dependent and density-independent factors can control population {development|progress|expansion}.
NOTES:
I. OVERVIEW:
This kind of chapter is very {subjective|summary|hypothetical}. {To actually|To truly|To essentially} understand and practice population ecology requires a lot of crunching {figures|amounts|quantities}, field work, calculations and reading graphs. We are just learning {the fundamental|the essential|the standard} key {conditions} and some habits and generalizations. Always know multiple examples where it applies.
- Population - individuals of a species within a given area. {They will are|That they are} distributed in space, vary in age and size -> {populace|human population|inhabitants} structure.
II. POPULATION {DENSENESS|THICKNESS|OCCURRENCE} AND DEMOGRAPHICS
- Members of the same population count {on a single|about the same} resources, are {affected|inspired|motivated} by the same environmental factors, interact and {replicate|recreate|duplicate} {with one another|together}.
- Population density - {the amount of|the quantity of} individuals per {device|product} area or volume (can be determined directly by counting or by sampling)
- Population dispersion - the pattern of spacing among individuals of the {foule|masse|multitude}.
a. Patterns of {circulation|syndication|division} {of numerous|of varied} populations within a geographic range:
- Clumped - the individuals aggregated in patches (ex. Plants, {fungus|disease|infection}, pack of wolves) because of patchy environmental conditions or food sources, {predacious|meat eating} animals may be more successful of hunting in packs or herbivorous {pets|pets or animals|family pets} may be more successful of surviving attacks of carnivores in herds, matching behaviors also may call for clumped dispersion.
- Uniform - the individuals in the population are {equally|consistently|uniformly} spaced (ex. Plants release chemicals that inhibit the germination and regarding other organisms, territoriality among {pets|pets or animals|family pets}, artificially planted trees)
- Random - occurs in the absence of strong {sights|destinations|interesting attractions} or repulsions among individuals of the population. The position {of every|of each and every} individual is fairly independent one the other side of the coin individuals. (ex. {Blowing wind|Wind flow|Breeze} blown seed disposal for trees or other plants)
- Demography - the study of the {essential} statistics of populations {and exactly how|and just how} they change over time - is also an useful way of describing populations.
o Life tables - age-specific summaries of the survival {design|routine|style} of a population. {These types of|These kinds of} tables follow the {destiny|fortune} {of the|of any|of your} group of individuals of the same {age group|era|time} (cohort) from birth until death. These are hard {to create|to set up} for wild {pets|pets or animals|family pets}.
o Survivorship Curves - A graph that plots the proportion or number of individuals in a cohort still alive at each age. Although survivorship {figure are|shape are} diverse, they usually follow one of 3 patterns:
? Type I - flat {in the beginning|at the beginning}, reflecting low death rates during the early and middle years, than it drops considerably as death rates increase in old age (large mammals, humans).
? Type 3 - drops sharply at the start because of high death rates for the young, but than flattens out as {loss of life|fatality} rates decline for those few individuals {which may have|that contain} {made it|made it through} to some age. Commonly, these organisms have large number of offspring {and incredibly|and extremely|and intensely} little care (oysters, many fish species)
? Type 2 - Intermediate, with {a regular|a frequent} death rate over the organism's life span (most rodents, some lizards, {twelve-monthly|gross annual} plants)
- How density, demographics and dispersion can describe a population.
- The {distinctions|dissimilarities} between exponential and logistic types of population growth.
- How density-dependent and density-independent factors can control population {development|progress|expansion}.
NOTES:
I. OVERVIEW:
This kind of chapter is very {subjective|summary|hypothetical}. {To actually|To truly|To essentially} understand and practice population ecology requires a lot of crunching {figures|amounts|quantities}, field work, calculations and reading graphs. We are just learning {the fundamental|the essential|the standard} key {conditions} and some habits and generalizations. Always know multiple examples where it applies.
- Population - individuals of a species within a given area. {They will are|That they are} distributed in space, vary in age and size -> {populace|human population|inhabitants} structure.
II. POPULATION {DENSENESS|THICKNESS|OCCURRENCE} AND DEMOGRAPHICS
- Members of the same population count {on a single|about the same} resources, are {affected|inspired|motivated} by the same environmental factors, interact and {replicate|recreate|duplicate} {with one another|together}.
- Population density - {the amount of|the quantity of} individuals per {device|product} area or volume (can be determined directly by counting or by sampling)
- Population dispersion - the pattern of spacing among individuals of the {foule|masse|multitude}.
a. Patterns of {circulation|syndication|division} {of numerous|of varied} populations within a geographic range:
- Clumped - the individuals aggregated in patches (ex. Plants, {fungus|disease|infection}, pack of wolves) because of patchy environmental conditions or food sources, {predacious|meat eating} animals may be more successful of hunting in packs or herbivorous {pets|pets or animals|family pets} may be more successful of surviving attacks of carnivores in herds, matching behaviors also may call for clumped dispersion.
- Uniform - the individuals in the population are {equally|consistently|uniformly} spaced (ex. Plants release chemicals that inhibit the germination and regarding other organisms, territoriality among {pets|pets or animals|family pets}, artificially planted trees)
- Random - occurs in the absence of strong {sights|destinations|interesting attractions} or repulsions among individuals of the population. The position {of every|of each and every} individual is fairly independent one the other side of the coin individuals. (ex. {Blowing wind|Wind flow|Breeze} blown seed disposal for trees or other plants)
- Demography - the study of the {essential} statistics of populations {and exactly how|and just how} they change over time - is also an useful way of describing populations.
o Life tables - age-specific summaries of the survival {design|routine|style} of a population. {These types of|These kinds of} tables follow the {destiny|fortune} {of the|of any|of your} group of individuals of the same {age group|era|time} (cohort) from birth until death. These are hard {to create|to set up} for wild {pets|pets or animals|family pets}.
o Survivorship Curves - A graph that plots the proportion or number of individuals in a cohort still alive at each age. Although survivorship {figure are|shape are} diverse, they usually follow one of 3 patterns:
? Type I - flat {in the beginning|at the beginning}, reflecting low death rates during the early and middle years, than it drops considerably as death rates increase in old age (large mammals, humans).
? Type 3 - drops sharply at the start because of high death rates for the young, but than flattens out as {loss of life|fatality} rates decline for those few individuals {which may have|that contain} {made it|made it through} to some age. Commonly, these organisms have large number of offspring {and incredibly|and extremely|and intensely} little care (oysters, many fish species)
? Type 2 - Intermediate, with {a regular|a frequent} death rate over the organism's life span (most rodents, some lizards, {twelve-monthly|gross annual} plants)
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